Villages have been improving the quality of their roads over time; ashpalts have been increasingly used as main materials for road construction throughout Indonesian villages. In 2019, nearly eight out of ten villages in Indonesia had ashpalt-surfaced main roads, a substantial increase when compared to 1996, where there were only 53% villages that used ashpalt-surfaced roads. Provinces Bali, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Barat, Kepulauan Riau and DKI Jakarta are provinces with highest rate of ashpalt-surfaced roads, while provinces Kalimantan Tengah, Papua and Papua Barat are provinces with the lowest rate of ashpalt-surfaced roads