On a national level, in 2019, only around 0.83% of households relied on rainwater for bathing and/or washing purposes. However, such low national percentage masks the heterogeneity across provinces; the Susenas data suggests that 39% and 19% of households in the provinces of Kalimantan Barat and Papua relied on rainwater for bathing and/or washing purposes, suggesting that a sizeable portion of households in these regions lack the access to clean water.